Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata petrochemical
Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata petrochemical
Hydration bụ mmeghachi omume nke mmiri na-ejikọta na ihe ọzọ na-emepụta otu molekul.Mmiri molekul ya na hydrogen na hydroxyl na ihe molecules unsaturated bond mgbakwunye na-etolite ọhụrụ ogige, na usoro a na-ekere òkè catalytic na ihe a na-akpọ hydration catalyst, nke a njikọ usoro etinyere na organic chemical mmepụta.Usoro hydration bụ otu n'ime ụzọ njikọ nke organic, ma dịka usoro mmepụta ihe dị mkpa, ọ na-ejedebe na ụdị ngwaahịa ole na ole, dị ka ethanol na diol.
Enwere ike ime akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ site na kpo oku ma ọ bụ ihe mkpali ma ọ bụ site na mmeghachi omume site na ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ.Mmeghachi omume akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ bụ usoro ntụgharị nke mmeghachi omume hydration, na-abụkarị mmeghachi omume endothermic, n'ozuzu, oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị ala na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ahụ pụta.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a ghaghị ime ọtụtụ n'ime usoro mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihu ndị na-emepụta ihe.Ihe na-eme ka a na-eji usoro hydration mee ihe - acid catalyst dịkwa mma maka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, aluminum oxide na ihe ndị ọzọ.Dị iche iche catalysts nwere dị iche iche isi ngwaahịa na elu selectivity.
Alkylation bụ ịnyefe otu alkyl site na otu molekul gaa na nke ọzọ.Mmeghachi omume nke a na-ewebata otu alkyl (methyl, ethyl, wdg) n'ime molekul mejupụtara.Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ bụ olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, wdg.
N'ime usoro nchacha ọkọlọtọ, usoro alkylation na-ejikọta alkenes dị ala dị ala (karịsịa propylene na butene) na isobutane na-eji ihe na-emepụta ihe (sulfonic ma ọ bụ hydrofluoric acid) na-emepụta alkylates (karịsịa octanes dị elu, alkanes n'akụkụ).Enwere ike kewaa mmeghachi omume alkylation n'ime thermal alkylation na catalytic alkylation.N'ihi oke okpomọkụ nke mmeghachi omume alkylation nke thermal, ọ dị mfe ịmepụta pyrolysis na mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ, ya mere a na-anabata usoro alkylation catalytic na ụlọ ọrụ.
N'ihi na sulfuric acid na hydrofluoric acid nwere acid siri ike, mmebi nke akụrụngwa dị oke njọ.Ya mere, site n'echiche nke mmepụta nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe abụọ a na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji superacid siri ike mee ihe dị ka ihe na-akpata alkylation, mana ọ rutebeghị ọkwa nke ngwa ụlọ ọrụ.
Mmekọrịta nke otu isomer na nke ọzọ.Usoro nke na-agbanwe usoro nke onyinye na-agbanweghị ihe mejupụtara ya ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ molecular.Mgbanwe na ọnọdụ nke atọm ma ọ bụ otu n'ime molekul ngwakọta organic.Ọtụtụ mgbe na ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eme ihe.
Enwere ike ịgbanwe otu ụdị hydrocarbon ka ọ bụrụ ụdị abụọ nke hydrocarbon dị iche iche site n'iji usoro nke enweghị nhata, ya mere enweghị oke bụ otu n'ime ụzọ dị mkpa iji chịkwaa ọkọnọ na ọchịchọ nke hydrocarbon na ụlọ ọrụ.Ngwa kachasị mkpa bụ toluene disproportionation iji mụbaa mmepụta xylene na ịmepụta benzene dị ọcha n'otu oge, na propylene disproportionation iji mepụta usoro triolefin nke polymer-grade ethylene na nnukwu ịdị ọcha butene.Ntughari nke toluene na benzene na xylene n'ozuzu na-eji silicon aluminum catalyst.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nchọpụta kachasị ewu ewu bụ ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ molecular sieve, dị ka meridionite ụdị silk molecular sieve.
Dee ozi gị ebe a ziga anyị ya
